The approximately 7 million atmospheric soundings that COSMIC-1 has produced to date have improved global weather forecasts and supported hundreds of scientific studies of weather, climate, and space weather [ Anthes, ]. The satellites, expected to collect more than 5, soundings per day Figure 2 , will provide an unprecedented look at tropical weather, including tropical cyclones.
Each satellite also houses two science payloads to study space weather, including an ion velocity meter developed at the University of Texas at Dallas and a radio frequency RF beacon developed at SRI International. The RO soundings can penetrate deep into the lower troposphere at all latitudes, observing planetary boundary layer heights and structure and providing valuable information on low-level moisture. From the raw phase and amplitude measurements of these radio waves, profiles of bending angle and refractivity can be deduced and assimilated into numerical weather prediction models, yielding improved information on temperature, pressure, and water vapor.
Vertical profiles of temperature and moisture can be estimated from the refractivity profiles with the use of additional data from another source e. This tracking method allows the RO soundings to penetrate deep into the lower troposphere at all latitudes, observing planetary boundary layer heights and structure and providing valuable information on low-level moisture.
These soundings will enable improved observations of lower-tropospheric water vapor and the detection of the heights of superrefraction layers [ Sokolovskiy et al. In addition, the TGRS will provide some 5, vertical profiles per day of electron density between 90 and kilometers. Processed results will be ready for distribution with a median latency of 30 minutes from the time of data collection.
The satellites will take about 20 months after launch to separate into different orbital planes to provide optimal local-time coverage. Moons — also known as natural satellites — orbit planets and asteroids in our solar system. Earth has one moon, and there are more than moons in our solar system.
Most of the major planets — all except Mercury and Venus — have moons. Pluto and some other dwarf planets, as well as many asteroids, also have small moons. Saturn and Jupiter have the most moons, with dozens orbiting each of the two giant planets.
Moons come in many shapes, sizes, and types. A few have atmospheres and even hidden oceans beneath their surfaces. Most planetary moons probably formed from the discs of gas and dust circulating around planets in the early solar system, though some are "captured" objects that formed elsewhere and fell into orbit around larger worlds.
Explore in 3D—Eyes on the Solar System Eyes on the Solar System lets you explore the planets, their moons, asteroids, comets and the spacecraft exploring them from to In the realm of the ice giants, Uranus's inner moons appear to be about half water ice and half rock. Miranda is the most unusual; its chopped-up appearance shows the scars of impacts of large rocky bodies. Neptune's moon Triton is as big as Pluto and orbits backwards compared with Neptune's direction of rotation.
Pluto's large moon Charon is about half the size of Pluto. Like Earth's Moon, Charon may have formed from debris resulting from an early collision of an impactor with Pluto. Scientists using the Hubble Space Telescope to study Pluto found four more small moons. Eris, another dwarf planet even more distant than Pluto, has a small moon of its own, named Dysnomia. Haumea, another dwarf planet, has two satellites, Hi'iaka and Namaka.
Ceres, the closest dwarf planet to the Sun, has no moons. Scientists weren't sure if asteroids could hold moons in their orbits until the Galileo spacecraft flew past asteroid Ida in Images revealed a tiny moon, later named Dactyl. Read More. JPL's lucky peanuts are an unofficial tradition at big mission events. Full Moon Guide: October - November Hubble observations of Europa have revealed the presence of persistent water vapor — but, mysteriously, only in one hemisphere.
The rover will be delivered to the Moon's surface in late VIPER is the first resource-mapping mission on the surface of another celestial body. Full Moon Guide: September - October This page showcases our resources for those interested in learning more about Saturn and Titan.
Saturn and Titan Resources.
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