Octavian Keffler Supporter. What is the best water? Top 10 bottled waters. Voss Artesian Water. Evian Fiji Natural Artesian Water. Babul Vasse Supporter. How much water should you drink a day? There are many different opinions on how much water you should be drinking every day. Health authorities commonly recommend eight 8-ounce glasses, which equals about 2 liters, or half a gallon.
Dorthea Enciu Beginner. What kind of water is smart water? It has a distinctive, crisp, clean taste and is produced and bottled in Morpeth, Northumberland. Dochia Dusterhaupt Beginner. What type of water is smart water? Madeline Ackary Beginner. Does Vitamin Water Zero really have 0 calories? Charles W. That would mean 10 grams of carbs per bottle. Blood samples were collected to measure the status of riboflavin and several other nutrients in persons in certain geographic areas of China.
In two surveys in China, one in Linxian County a high-risk area for esophogeal cancer and the other in Jiaoxian County a low-risk area , the distribution of erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity coefficient values suggested that riboflavin levels were higher in the low-risk community Thurnham et al. The hypothesis that riboflavin deficiencies are associated with precancerous lesions of the esophagus has been examined by Munoz et al.
A population at high risk for esophageal cancer in China received weekly supplements of retinol, riboflavin, and zinc, or a placebo in a randomized double-blind intervention trial.
No differences in the prevalence of esophagitis with or without atrophy or dysplasia were noted in the two groups examined at 13 months. It is not known if different results would have been obtained if the study had been continued. Male baboons fed a diet lacking riboflavin developed cutaneous lesions, including hyperkeratosis, gross derangement of keratinization with acanthosis, and impressive pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia Foy and Kondi, The esophageal epithelium was thin and pale in some of the animals, and there was esophagitis and large, chronic, disorganized lesions.
The numerous mitotic figures that were commonly encountered were distinguishable from carcinomas only by their disorganized, highly active epithelial growth and by the absence of muscular invasion.
Foy and Kondi noted that this condition may reflect a precursor state that could take years to become invasive. Compared to controls, the supplemented group had fewer tumors esophageal carcinomas and tumor-bearing animals. These results indicate that low doses of supplements are helpful in the treatment of premalignant esophageal changes. The effects of high doses of supplements are unknown.
The findings of that study, however, are most likely relevant to early prevention of esophageal cancer, since supplementation was started 45 days before dosing with the carcinogen. Kensler et al. Numerous studies have confirmed this general phenomenon. For reviews see Bidlack et al. Bidlack et al. In addition, reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate NADPH cytochrome P reductase activity is decreased, as is the metabolism of aniline, acetaniline, aminopyrine, and ethylmorphine. Riboflavin deficiency appears to increase susceptibility to abnormal processing of potential carcinogens.
Lee et al. Cancer patients frequently metabolize riboflavin in aberrant ways. They excrete lower than normal levels of riboflavin in the urine Kagan, and do not excrete larger amounts after oral or intravenous doses Kagan, , Riboflavin may be trapped by the tumor or the host.
Baker et al. However, liver adenocarcinomas were found to contain about the same levels as liver tissue from controls and smaller amounts of several other vitamins such as B Innis et al. The lower urinary levels and clearance in cancer patients could be due in part to increased plasma binding rather than trapping by tumor tissue. Ethanol consumption can reduce intestinal bioavailability of riboflavin, particularly flavin adenine dinucleotide FAD Pinto et al.
The accumulation of fat in the liver in riboflavin-deficient persons resembles changes observed in the liver of chronic alcoholics.
In humans with liver cirrhosis, decreased concentrations of riboflavin are found mostly in necrotic regions Chen and Liao, Riboflavin deficiency is usually encountered when there is a general lack of B vitamin intake, such as in forms of malnutrition that accompany alcoholism. Changes in the activities of flavoproteins and other hepatic enzymes result from riboflavin deficiency, but it is not known whether all these changes can be fully reversed after supplementation with riboflavin.
Hepatic concentrations of FAD were reported to be one-third the normal level in rats fed diets deficient in riboflavin Fass and Rivlin, Riboflavin deficiency has selective effects on the activities of liver enzymes involved in riboflavin metabolism Lee and McCormick, It appears to have the greatest effect on flavokinase, which is physiologically rate-limiting in the biosynthesis of flavocoenzymes.
Riboflavin deficiency in mice alters hepatic architecture, including enlargement and distortion of mitochondria, possibly due to defects in oxidative phosphorylation resulting from lack of flavoproteins Burch et al.
Decreased mitotic activity has been observed in fetal liver of the offspring of riboflavin-deficient dams Miller et al. Warwick and Harington noted that the incidence of pellagra also often increases in geographic areas where esophageal cancer is becoming more frequent.
The authors cautioned, however, that pellagra may reflect an extreme deficiency of niacin complicated by deficiencies of other vitamins and minerals such as riboflavin, magnesium, and zinc.
The predisposition to esophageal cancer and cancer of other sites may be due to damaging effects of these deficiencies on the organs Thurnham et al. Diets low in protein 5. Both the oxidized and the reduced forms of NAD and NADP were found in lower concentrations in the livers of test animals than in controls.
After 5 weeks of treatment, all the animals were returned to a standard diet for 85 weeks. The investigators reported that the initial diets had no effect on tumor incidence or tumor type.
These results suggest that nicotinamide does not exert a long-term effect on tumorigenesis. Rosenberg et al. These conflicting results suggest that niacin may be a carcinogen or a cocarcinogen, or it may inhibit carcinogenesis. The precise effect of niacin appears to be influenced by the dose and nature of the niacin compound, time and site of administration, nature of the carcinogen, and type of tumor.
For example, in some systems, nicotinamide increased the incidence of tumors of the pancreas but decreased the incidence of kidney tumors Rakieten et al. The effects of nicotinamide may be due to increasing the NAD pools, which are depleted by certain carcinogens Rakieten et al.
The human liver contains approximately 60 mg of nicotinic acid free and covalently bound in coenzymes per kilogram wet weight—an amount similar to concentrations in other tissues Wiss and Weber, ; it contains no special stores of nicotinic acid or its derivatives. In alcoholics, the degree of liver disease influences the concentrations of nicotinic acid in that organ. The increase in liver lipid content caused by ethanol administration can be reversed by administration of nicotinic acid Baker et al.
These studies suggest that the condition of the liver influences nicotinic acid concentrations. A high nicotinic acid intake has been associated with hepatotoxicity.
One-third to one-half of patients taking 3 g of nicotinic acid per day for 5 years had elevated levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase SGOT and alkaline phosphatase Coronary Drug Project Research Group, ; DiPalma and Ritchie, ; Einstein et al. The RDA for niacin is 18 mg for males and 13 mg for females. In the Coronary Drug Project Group , patients on niacin had an increased incidence of acute gouty arthritis and a decrease in nonfatal recurrent myocardial infarction, but there was no decrease in total mortality.
It was not known whether this was the result of the cholesterol-lowering effect of nicotinic acid, a direct effect of niacin, or both.
Bell reported that women with breast cancer who excrete less pyridoxic acid than average one reflection of vitamin B 6 status have an increased probability of a recurrence of breast cancer. The physiological significance of the relationship between low excretion of pyridoxic acid and risk of recurrence is unknown.
Ladner and Salkeld noted that the 5-year survival rate of patients with stage II endometrial carcinoma was increased by administering pyrodoxine. Several groups have reported unusual levels of vitamin B 6 metabolites, such as lower plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate PLP , in breast cancer patients despite normal urinary pyridoxic acid Potera et al.
Chabner et al. Foy et al. The livers of the intermittently deprived animals developed striking changes suggesting liver neoplasia. The acutely deprived animals died within 6 to 8 months. The surviving animals had lower serum B 6 values and increased tryptophan metabolites in the urine compared to controls. The authors suggest that pyridoxine deficiency may be associated with disturbances in immunologic competence.
In laboratory animals, diets deficient in pyridoxine inhibit the growth of some types of tumors Kline et al. Ha et al.
However, vitamin B 6 status does not affect the growth of some tumors such as spontaneous mammary tumors in strain C3H mice Morris, DiSorbo et al. The exact mechanism by which PLP exerts its inhibitory effect was not determined; however, the authors suggest that vitamin B 6 may act on the plasma membrane to reduce precursor transport into the cell. Vitamin B 6 is involved in the synthesis of DNA bases; it is a coenzyme in the biosynthesis of thymidine.
According to Prior , a dietary B 6 deficiency or an increase in the thymidine requirement at a critical time during cell division could result in initial cell mutations that develop into a tumor. The author suggests that dietary vitamin B 6 supplementation could assist in preventing some cancers. Although there is no consensus on the best biochemical marker for the assessment of vitamin B 6 status in humans, plasma PLP is the one most frequently used Williams et al.
Most dietary vitamin B 6 is rapidly converted by the liver to this active coenzyme form, which has a central role in the metabolism of amino acids. Inadequate intake may not be the only factor contributing to low plasma levels of PLP. Lumeng and Li suggest that PLP in erythrocytes is destroyed more rapidly in the presence of acetaldehyde, the first product of ethanol oxidation, perhaps by displacement of PLP from protein and its exposure to phosphatase.
Low plasma levels of PLP may also be due to increased breakdown or to poor absorption of dietary vitamin B 6 Zaman et al. Thus, abnormal vitamin B 6 metabolism in liver disease may be due to several factors. Liver and plasma PLP levels are considerably reduced in patients with cirrhosis and other hepatic diseases, even when the patients are given a normal diet Bonjour, ; Henderson et al.
In cirrhotics, plasma PLP response to administered pyridoxine is impaired Henderson et al. Mitchell et al. Cirrhotics are capable of apparently normal PLP synthesis but have increased hepatic dephosphorylation, which may be responsible for low plasma levels of PLP Merrill and Henderson, ; Merrill et al.
This is associated with elevated alkaline phosphatase in the plasma of these patients Anderson et al. Attempts to normalize plasma PLP in cirrhotics have had limited success. There was, however, an increase in hepatic PLP. In histological examinations, no evidence of liver damage was found. These results differ from most observations reported in human subjects and cannot be fully explained.
In a randomized trial, Butterworth et al. Their results suggest that oral folate supplements may prevent the progression of cervical dysplasia or promote regression to normalcy. An increased incidence of tumors in the liver, colon, and esophagus results from diets deficient in methyl groups Ghoshal and Farber, ; Hoover et al.
Feeding rats a diet deficient in lipotropes choline, methionine, folate and vitamin B 12 for 15 weeks was found to increase the incidence of hepatic tumors after a single dose of diethylnitrosamine Hoover et al.
It has long been recognized that folic acid inhibits tumor growth Prentice et al. Early studies in mice by Leuchtenberger et al. More recently, Rogers and Newberne showed that diets deficient in lipotrope and high in fat enhance chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Severe lipidosis and cell death result from methyl group-deficient diets Ghoshal et al. Folate deficiency in alcoholics is likely to be caused by impaired intestinal uptake as well as by decreased storage in the damaged liver Halsted and Tamura, ; Hillman, Leevy et al.
Moreover, administration of nonradioactive folate caused a fold greater displacement of the radioactive form of this vitamin in patients with cirrhosis as compared to subjects with a normal liver.
Vitamin therapy also is not successful in raising folacin levels during active necrosis or cirrhosis. Other studies in humans and animals have failed to confirm that alcohol can affect the uptake, storage, reduction, or methylation of labeled folate Brown et al. Lane et al. Normal as well as low liver folate levels have been found in patients with chronic hepatitis and nonalcoholic cirrhosis Kimber et al. Alcoholic cirrhotics can develop megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency Hillman, Inadequate retention of folate in the liver as well as low dietary intake of folate may contribute to this condition.
Healthy subjects receiving a folate-free diet develop megaloblastic anemia after about 22 weeks Herbert et al. Malnourished alcoholics without liver disease absorb folic acid less well than their better nourished counterparts Halsted et al. Anemia from folic acid deficiency is rare in well-nourished alcoholics Eichner et al. Disordered folate metabolism is also associated with viral hepatitis. An increased excretion of urinary folate due to release of stored folates from the liver has been reported Retief and Huskisson, ; Tamura and Stokstad, These data suggest that low liver folate levels in alcoholics may be due to some combination of decreased intake, decreased absorption, or increased excretion.
Kaplan and Rigler found that patients with pernicious anemia have a higher incidence of gastric carcinoma. This association was confirmed and expanded to other types of cancer, including leukemias, erythremic myelosis, polycythemia vera, and multiple myeloma Arvanitakis et al. Ruddell et al. The concentrations of gastric nitrite are increased when the gastric acidity is decreased, as in persons with pernicious anemia. Ahmann and Durie caution that leukemia can be accelerated by the excessive replacement of vitamin B 12 in patients with pernicious anemia.
Carmel and Eisenberg studied patients with several types of malignancies 28 breast, 19 colon, 17 stomach, 12 lung, 8 pancreas, 8 prostate, 8 ovary, and some less prevalent sites and found that serum levels of vitamin B 12 and B 12 -binding proteins were elevated frequently in malignancies other than granulocytic proliferation or hepatic tumors, as had been suggested by other studies e. No correlation between serum vitamin B 12 and small-cell lung cancer was found by Clamon et al.
Brain, heart, and lung tumors were found by Sheppard et al. The results for liver cancer are consistent with the observation that liver adenocarcinomas had a lower vitamin B 12 content than did specimens from adjacent, uninvaded liver Baker et al. Presently, the relationship between vitamin B 12 and the etiology of various cancers is not clear.
Areekul et al. The status of vitamin B 12 in these patients was within normal limits, but low serum and red-cell folate concentrations indicated that these patients were in a state of negative folate balance. Van Tonder et al. Paradinas et al.
Serum vitamin B 12 and UBBC values have been observed to be both elevated although not dramatically and normal in cancer patients. Chemical carcinogenesis in the liver and sometimes other tissues of rats is enhanced by lipotrope deficiencies Mikol et al.
Hoover et al. The intake of ethanol affects the storage of vitamin B 12 in the liver. Vitamin B 12 deficiency is not common in alcoholics, as indicated by normal serum B 12 levels in patients with folate deficiency, both with and without cirrhosis Halsted et al.
The degree of liver pathology influences the extent to which liver vitamin B 12 concentrations are decreased Baker et al. Acute liver damage causes release of vitamin B 12 into the plasma, where some of it binds to serum proteins and some remains free. Various liver diseases causing hepatic necrosis, such as viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, malignancy, and obstructive jaundice, result in decreased liver concentrations of vitamin B 12 and increased plasma concentrations Jones et al.
In patients with acute hepatitis and necrosis, free vitamin B 12 plasma levels are high, whereas the bound form is elevated during chronic liver disease Jones et al.
Thus, it appears that liver and plasma levels of vitamin B 12 can be sharply influenced by ethanol. It is not clear how vitamin B 12 supplementation will affect the levels of B 12 in chronic alcoholics.
Early investigations indicate that when biotin and avidin are given together to rats fed p -dimethylaminoazobenzene DMAB , the possible cocarcinogenic action of biotin is arrested by its binding to avidin to form a complex Du Vigneaud et al. Several attempts have been made to retard the growth of various types of neoplasia in human patients and animals by the administration of egg white or avidin Kaplan, ; Kensler et al.
Kline et al. They attempted to alter the effect of egg white by injecting biotin or denaturing the avidin by heat. The results suggest that the beneficial effects of egg white on hepatoma formation are independent of any egg white-biotin relationship but, rather, that they are dependent on optimal levels of riboflavin.
These early observations do not appear to have been followed up with additional human or animal studies. Biotin concentrations are higher in the liver than in other organs Semenza et al. In the perfused livers of normal and alcohol-fed rats, ethanol did not induce the release of biotin as it did with other vitamins Sorrell et al. In cirrhotics, even mild fatty liver infiltration reduced liver biotin levels Baker et al.
The change in frank cirrhotics was much less. As with many other vitamins, levels of pantothenate in tumors may be higher or lower than in adjacent uninvolved tissues. Primary colon adenocarcinoma in rats was found to contain significantly more of the B vitamins, including pantothenate, than did normal colon tissue Baker et al. Because pantothenic acid concentrations are several times higher in the liver than in other tissues, the liver is affected by nutritional intake more than other organs.
Spontaneous gross pantothenic acid deficiency in humans has seldom been described, although Olson has suggested that some symptoms, such as malaise and abdominal distress, may be related to deficiency of the vitamin. These symptoms, among others, were observed when volunteers were fed w-methylpantothenate.
Plasma levels of pantothenic acid vary in patients with diseased as well as nondiseased livers. The reason for this is unclear. Marked elevation of blood pantothenic acid was characteristic of alcoholics hospitalized with acute fatty liver Cole et al. Decreased pantothenic acid levels were observed in patients with cirrhotic fatty livers and even in some with normal liver function. In most cases, a nutritious diet and mobilization of liver fat caused levels to return to normal Leevy et al.
Some Japanese populations with endemic pantothenic acid deficiency also have an increased prevalence of hypertension Koyanagi et al. Schwabedal et al. The rats developed hypertension; their final blood pressure values were more than mm Hg. Epidemiologic studies suggest that vitamin C-containing foods and possibly vitamin C itself either may protect against cancer or have no association with the disease.
The strongest evidence for a protective effect seems to be for stomach cancer; the evidence for esophageal cancer is not as strong. Findings are contradictory for cancers of the colon, rectum, and lung. One problem in drawing conclusions about vitamin C and cancer is that the primary sources of vitamin C—fruits and vegetables—also contain other potentially protective factors, for example, dietary fiber, whose intake is strongly correlated with the intake of vitamin C.
Protective effects from other nutrients, such as vitamin A, carotenoids, and vitamin E, cannot be ruled out. In animal models, vitamin C may inhibit the induction of certain cancers, such as dermal neoplasms and renal carcinoma. Possible mechanisms of action for ascorbic acid are the blocking of nitrosamine formation and the reduction of other highly reactive endogenous compounds such as superoxide radicals.
Epidemiologic data derived primarily from China indicate that low riboflavin levels may be associated with a greater risk of esophageal cancer. These data are supported by similar results in animal studies. Moreover, low doses of riboflavin supplements given to animals have been found to be helpful in the treatment of premalignant esophageal changes. In humans, elevated serum B 12 and B 12 -binding protein have been associated with cancer of such sites as the breast, colon, and stomach; however, there is no clearly established relationship between vitamin B 12 and the etiology of various cancers.
Animal studies suggest that vitamin B 12 is likely to be a cocarcinogen, but the mechanism has not been clarified. Hepatic disease is often accompanied by hypovitaminosis due to an increased need for vitamins in the face of decreased intake, intestinal malabsorption, and reduced hepatic storage capacity. Liver dysfunction can also prevent conversion of vitamins into their metabolically useful forms.
Vitamin B complex depletion is common in hepatocellular disease. The data on the remaining B vitamins and chronic diseases are too meager to permit any conclusions. Turn recording back on. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Search term. Riboflavin In its coenzyme forms flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide , riboflavin functions in oxidation-reduction reactions in energy production, in the respiratory chain, and in many other metabolic pathways.
Niacin In nutrition literature, the term niacin is used generically to encompass the active forms of this vitamin, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide; however, estimates of niacin requirements take into account preformed niacin as well as that obtained as equivalent NE in the body from tryptophan metabolism. Vitamin B 6 Vitamin B 6 is the generic term used for pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine, the coenzyme forms of which are pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate.
Vitamin B 12 Vitamin B 12 substances are physiologically active cobalamins. Folacin Folic Acid or Folate Folacin intakes have been studied very little, because values for this vitamin in food composition tables are imputed.
Following is the evidence relating water-soluble vitamins to chronic diseases. Evidence Associating Water-Soluble Vitamins with Chronic Diseases Vitamin C Cancer Human Studies In epidemiologic studies, the association of vitamin C with cancer is mostly indirect, since it is based on the consumption of foods known to contain high or low concentrations of the vitamin rather than on measured ingestion of ascorbic acid.
Animal Studies Ascorbic acid has been reported to prevent the formation of N -nitroso compounds Mirvish, a; Tannenbaum and Mergens, Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease Human Studies An association between vitamin C and atherosclerosis has been suggested in studies that evaluated the relationship between vitamin C and cholesterol.
Animal Studies Beetens et al. Animal Studies The committee was unable to identify any laboratory studies of thiamin and cancer. Animal Studies Male baboons fed a diet lacking riboflavin developed cutaneous lesions, including hyperkeratosis, gross derangement of keratinization with acanthosis, and impressive pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia Foy and Kondi, Mechanism of Action Kensler et al.
Liver Disease Human Studies Ethanol consumption can reduce intestinal bioavailability of riboflavin, particularly flavin adenine dinucleotide FAD Pinto et al. Animal Studies Hepatic concentrations of FAD were reported to be one-third the normal level in rats fed diets deficient in riboflavin Fass and Rivlin, Niacin Cancer Human Studies Warwick and Harington noted that the incidence of pellagra also often increases in geographic areas where esophageal cancer is becoming more frequent.
Animal Studies Diets low in protein 5. Liver Disease Human Studies The human liver contains approximately 60 mg of nicotinic acid free and covalently bound in coenzymes per kilogram wet weight—an amount similar to concentrations in other tissues Wiss and Weber, ; it contains no special stores of nicotinic acid or its derivatives. Other Diseases A high nicotinic acid intake has been associated with hepatotoxicity. Vitamin B 6 Cancer Human Studies Bell reported that women with breast cancer who excrete less pyridoxic acid than average one reflection of vitamin B 6 status have an increased probability of a recurrence of breast cancer.
Animal Studies Foy et al. Liver Disease Human Studies Although there is no consensus on the best biochemical marker for the assessment of vitamin B 6 status in humans, plasma PLP is the one most frequently used Williams et al. Animal Studies An increased incidence of tumors in the liver, colon, and esophagus results from diets deficient in methyl groups Ghoshal and Farber, ; Hoover et al.
Liver Disease Human Studies Folate deficiency in alcoholics is likely to be caused by impaired intestinal uptake as well as by decreased storage in the damaged liver Halsted and Tamura, ; Hillman, Vitamin B 12 Cancer Human Studies Kaplan and Rigler found that patients with pernicious anemia have a higher incidence of gastric carcinoma.
Animal Studies Chemical carcinogenesis in the liver and sometimes other tissues of rats is enhanced by lipotrope deficiencies Mikol et al. Biotin Cancer Human Studies The committee did not identify any studies of humans concerning biotin and cancer. Animal Studies Early investigations indicate that when biotin and avidin are given together to rats fed p -dimethylaminoazobenzene DMAB , the possible cocarcinogenic action of biotin is arrested by its binding to avidin to form a complex Du Vigneaud et al.
Liver Disease Animal and Human Studies Biotin concentrations are higher in the liver than in other organs Semenza et al. Pantothenic Acid Cancer Human Studies The committee did not identify any studies concerning pantothenic acid and cancer in humans.
Liver Disease Human Studies Because pantothenic acid concentrations are several times higher in the liver than in other tissues, the liver is affected by nutritional intake more than other organs. Hypertension Human and Animal Studies Some Japanese populations with endemic pantothenic acid deficiency also have an increased prevalence of hypertension Koyanagi et al.
Summary Epidemiologic studies suggest that vitamin C-containing foods and possibly vitamin C itself either may protect against cancer or have no association with the disease. Directions for Research The role of vitamin C in cancer needs to be defined. In particular, there is a need to identify the mechanisms other than nitrosamine inhibition whereby vitamin C may influence tumorigenesis.
It is difficult to identify with certainty the effects due specifically to vitamin C because foods containing that vitamin also contain such potentially protective factors as fiber, carotenoids, and vitamin E. The requirements for water-soluble vitamins at all stages of the life cycle need to be determined as they may relate to the prevention of chronic disease, especially cancer and liver disease.
A better understanding of the interactions among various nutrients e. Greater attention should be directed to epidemiologic studies to gather data on the relationship of the B vitamins to cancer. References Abdel-Galil, A. Preventive effect of vitamin C L-ascorbic acid on methylcholanthrene-induced soft tissue sarcomas in mice. Oncology Abul-Hajj, Y. Failure of ascorbic acid to inhibit growth of transplantable and dimethylbenzanthracene induced rat mammary tumors.
Cancer Lett. Ahmann, F. Acute myelogenous leukaemia modulated by B 12 deficiency: a case with bone marrow blast cell assay corroboration. Alpers, D. Clouse, and W. Manual of Nutritional Therapeutics. Little, Brown and Company, Boston. Altman, R. Schaeffer, C. Salles, A. Ramos de Souza, and P. Phospholipids associated with vitamin C in experimental atherosclerosis. Anderson, B.
O'Brien, G. Griffin, and D. Hydrolysis of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in plasma in conditions with raised alkaline phosphate. Gut Megavitamin and Orthomolecular Therapy in Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D. Areekul, S. Hathirat, and K. Folic acid, vitamin B 12 , and vitamin B 12 binding proteins in patients with neuroblastoma. Southeast Asian J.
W7 L1 Sources and functions of Vitamins, Minerals, It is one of the body's main antioxidants and is required for collagen synthesis. In addition, there is citric and ascorbic acid and fructose. A oz bottle has calories, Water-soluble vitamins Water-soluble vitamins travel freely through the body, and excess amounts usually are excreted by the kidneys. The body needs water-soluble vitamins in frequent, small doses. Fat-soluble vitamins are only needed in small amounts. Beta carotene is an important antioxidant that the body converts to Vitamin A,and it is found in a variety of fruits and vegetables.
Water-Soluble vs. Fat-Soluble Vitamins: What's the Difference? The important water-soluble vitamins are vitamin C and the collection of B vitamins, including Unfortunately, Vitamin Water is also usually high in sugar with added flavoring.
For reference, a regular Pepsi bottle contains 40 grams of sugar. In comparison, Vitamin Water's Vitamins for Water Weight Loss Livestrong. Vitamin C Your body requires vitamin C for growth and repair of tissues. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, vitamin C supplements have a diuretic effect, so drink plenty of fluids when taking the vitamin.
The organic compound can cause increased urination when taken. They are absorbed by fat globules that travel through the small intestines and distributed through the body in the bloodstream. Unlike water-soluble vitamins, excess fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty adipose tissues for future use They are found most abundantly in high-fat foods Consuming excess amounts of these vitamins does not provide any health benefits.
Slice fruits or vegetables for water. If you prefer to avoid supplements, you can also add whole fruits or vegetables with Vitamins C and B Complex to your water. This may add vitamins to water without chemicals and may add a pleasant flavor as well. Add slices of lemon or orange or your water for a boost of vitamin C. Vitamin Water Health Facts Healthfully top healthfully. As more Americans embark on a healthy lifestyle, there is an increased interest in health drinks such as vitamin water.
The health benefits of vitamin water don't compare to plain water. In some cases, vitamin water can wreak havoc on your diet and are potentially dangerous for children. Each flavor is infused with vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes.
Vitamins: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia tip medlineplus. Any leftover or excess amounts of these leave the body through the urine. They have to be consumed on a regular basis to prevent shortages or deficiencies in the body. The exception to this is vitamin B12, which can be stored in the liver for many years. The best foods for vitamins and minerals - Harvard Health hot www.
Try our free Diet Generator. I want to eat calories. Loading similar foods Note: Any items purchased after clicking our Amazon buttons will give us a little referral bonus. If you do click them, thank you! Loading recipes Try our Automatic Meal Planner Create a meal plan in 2 clicks for free! Be cool. I never skip arm day. For a Serving Size of g.
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